23 board-level retro system reference hubs grouped by family — plus interactive IC pinouts, connector diagrams, and bench tools
8-bit MOS 6502 / 6510 / 7501 / 8502 microcomputers and 16/32-bit 68000 Amiga systems
ASSY board selector, PSU warnings, IC pinouts for 6510, SID, VIC-II, CIA, PLA & DRAM, plus A/V port references.
2-prong 9V AC LM323K vs 7-pin DIN Cost-Reduced (CR) boards, 2114 & 6116 SRAM fault locator, MOS 6560/6561 VIC & 6522 VIA diagnostics, S-Video mod & 44-pin cartridge memory map.
Flat, C128D & C128DCR selector, Z80A/8502 dual-CPU boot diagnostics, 80-col RGBI VDC & 64K VRAM upgrade, 5-pin square DIN PSU pinouts & U36 Function ROMs.
5″ colour CRT monitor & internal PSU recapping, Alps 1541 drive servicing, DB25 keyboard pinout & membrane restoration, multi-board stack diagnostics & SX-64 Kernal ROM.
9″ & 12″ CRT safety & Killer Poke alert, 6540/6550 vs 2114/4116 board selector, Garbage Screen & 6845 CRTC diagnostics, IEEE-488 MC3446 testing & 2532/2716 EPROM map.
7501/8501 CPU & 7360/8360 TED thermal protection & 6502 adapter guide, C16 9V centre-negative & Plus/4 square DIN PSU pinouts, 16K-to-64K RAM mod & Mini-DIN joystick/tape adapters.
Model selector, SMD recap guide with corrosion cleanup, DB23 RGB to SCART wiring, boot screen error decoder, CIA fault symptoms & connector pinouts.
VARTA barrel battery corrosion & A4000/A3640 SMD recap alerts, Zorro II/III & Video Slot pinouts, PSU TICK signal & ATX conversion, Amber deinterlacer & Super Buster diagnostics.
Sinclair Research, Acorn Computers, Amstrad, Tangerine/Oric, and Dragon Data hardware guides
4116 DRAM voltage trap warning, Issue 2–6 & +2/+3 model selector, keyboard membrane guide, composite video mod, ULA/RAM diagnostics & edge connector pinout.
68008 & Issue 5/6 board guide, QDOS AH/JM/JS/Minerva ROMs, Gold Card upgrades, Microdrive roller & felt pad overhaul, ZX8301/8302 ULA & 4164 RAM diagnostics.
RIFA cap safety alert, EPROM & Option ROM socket map, 6-pin DIN RGB to SCART wiring, PSU diagnostics, Econet & User Port testing.
Electron 19V AC PSU & PLCC-68 ULA socket restoration, Atom 2114 SRAM & dual-7805 fixes, 4-chip 4164 DRAM diagnostics, 6-pin DIN RGB SCART & Plus 1/3 expansion pinouts.
+5V PSU safety alert, long-board vs short-board & CRTC Type 0–4 selector, Datacorder belt & azimuth guide, Gate Array/4164 RAM diagnostics & 6-pin DIN RGB SCART wiring.
+5V/+12V PSU & reversed 3″ drive Molex alert, EME-156 belt overhaul & Gotek conversion, 128K PAL16L8 banking & 16-chip 4164 DRAM locator, CRTC Type 0–4 & Parados ROMs.
+9V DC PSU & 7905 negative-ground regulator guide, Oric-1 vs Atmos BASIC v1.0/v1.1 selector, HCS10017 ULA & 4164 DRAM diagnostics, RGB SCART buffer & 34-pin expansion pinouts.
Dragon 32 & 64 board revision selector, MC6883 SAM & MC6847 VDG diagnostics, 4116/4164 DRAM rail checks, PSU/DIN A/V pinouts & EPROM substitutions.
Atari 8-Bit & 16-Bit ST, Apple IIe, Tandy TRS-80 & CoCo, Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, MSX, and CP/M Luggables
"Ingot" PSU overvoltage alert, ANTIC/GTIA/POKEY/SALLY diagnostics, Micron MT4264 DRAM locator, 800XL S-Video Chroma & UAV mods, plus 13-pin SIO, PBI & ECI pinouts.
"Bombs on Screen" 68000 exception decoder, STFM vs STE selector, Mitsumi/ASP PSU recapping, 13-pin DIN RGB/Mono SCART wiring, MIDI & DB19 ACSI pinouts, plus TOS ROM upgrades.
Astec PSU RIFA alert & quad-rail checks, 6502/65C02/65C816 architecture, Slot 1–7 & Aux 80-Column guide, self-test decoder & F6–F13 4164 DRAM fault locator.
Z80 Model I/III/4 & 6809 CoCo 1/2/3 selector, Astec PSU RIFA & 12″ CRT safety, Expansion Interface & 4116 DRAM diagnostics, CoCo 3 RGB SCART & Model I power pinouts.
16-bit TMS9900 & GROM/VDP architecture, Silver/Black vs Beige v2.2 QI selector, 4116 VRAM reversed-bit locator, Speech Synthesizer & PEB care, and FinalGROM 99 / TIPI upgrades.
Sony, Philips, Panasonic & Yamaha quirks, TMS9918A & V9938/V9958 VRAM diagnostics, JP vs EU 8-pin DIN RGB SCART pinouts, 50-pin cartridge bus & SCC/FM-PAC audio mixing.
Astec PSU RIFA replacement, 5″ & 9″ CRT anode discharge & geometry, Osborne video shunt jumper pinout, 5.25″ floppy & Gotek guides, IEEE-488 & Z80/WD1793 diagnostics.
Interactive chip pinouts, connector/SCART diagrams, substitution tables, and diagnostic flowcharts
Interactive DIP & PLCC diagrams for 6502, 6510, 8502, Z80, 6809, 68000, 68008, TMS9900, VIC-II, SID, TED, Agnus, Denise, Paula, ANTIC, GTIA, POKEY, ULA & 74-series logic.
Dedicated port pages & RGB SCART wiring schematics for C64 8-pin DIN, Amiga DB23, Atari ST 13-pin DIN, CPC/BBC 6-pin DIN, IEC, SIO, IEEE-488, DB9 Joystick & PSUs.
Pin-compatible drop-ins vs. adapter-required swaps: 4164-in-4116, 27C64-in-2364, PLAnkton/GAL PLA, 8580-in-6581 SID, and 74LS vs. 74HCT rules.
Interactive measurement-driven fault-isolation decision trees for Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum 48K, and Game Boy DMG-01.
Board-by-board electrolytic capacitor lists for C64, Amiga, ZX Spectrum, BBC Micro & Game Gear, plus Resistor/Capacitor & 555 Timer calculators.
Introducing the Amiga Machine Hub — a dedicated landing page for the A500, A600, and A1200 covering SMD recapping, video output and upscaling, boot sc...
Introducing the Commodore 64 Machine Hub — a dedicated landing page that brings together everything you need on the workbench when servicing a C64: mo...
Thirty new chips in the IC Pinout Finder today — 6502, VIC-II, AY-3-8910, DRAM and more, plus the swaps that will destroy a chip if you get them wrong...
A rare piece of arcade-style kit just landed on the workbench! A big thank you to Dylan for sending over the QuickJoy SV-129 Foot Pedal via the donati...
A new bench tool with colour-coded, clickable DIP and PLCC pinouts for 26 retro chips — plus the pinout traps that catch people out when substituting ...
A new tool in the Bench Tools section: verified capacitor lists and recap guides for ten classic mainboards — all five Commodore 64 assemblies, the Am...
The Osborne 1 holds a pivotal place in computing history as the first commercially successful portable computer.
A look back at the BBC Micro, Britain's most influential home computer, its history in schools, its ARM architecture legacy, and how writing my very f...
More tools and references for retro hardware enthusiasts
Look up pinouts and datasheets for classic ICs — Z80, 6502, 6510, SID, VIC-II, 74-series logic and more.
Diagnostic flowcharts, recapping logs, and trace repair notes from real bench sessions.
Interactive browser-based tools — calculators, pinout finders, frequency references and more.